먹는기름

grape seed oil

Grape seed oil (also grapeseed oil) is a 　vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of various varieties of 　Vitis vinifera grapes, an abundant 　by-product of 　wine making. 　Grape seed oil is used for: 　salad dressings, marinades, deep 　frying, flavored oils, baking, 　massage oil, 　sunburn repair lotion, 　hair products, body hygiene creams, lip balm and hand creams. Most grapeseed oil is produced in 　Italy, with other producing nations including 　France, 　Spain, and 　Switzerland. Although known to Europeans for centuries, grape seed oil was not produced or used on a large scale until the 20th century, largely due to the fact that grape seeds contain a lower percentage of oil as compared to other oil-producing seeds, nuts, or beans.

Grape seeds in Nr. 7 and 8 and grapes

Culinary uses

　Grape seed 　oil is extracted from grape seeds and has a relatively high 　smoke point, approximately 420 °F (216 °C), so it can be safely used to cook at high temperatures. Grape seed oil can be used for stir-fries, sauteing and fondue. In addition to its high smoking point, grape seed oil has other positive attributes in relation to cooking. It has a clean, light taste that has been described as 'nutty'. Because of its 'neutral' taste, grape seed oil is often used as an ingredient in salad dressings or as a base for infusing or flavoring with garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices. It is also used as an ingredient in homemade 　mayonnaise. One is able to use less grape seed oil for precisely the same reasons that the cosmetics industry likes it, the 　emollient and film-forming virtues.

The 　metabolic energy density of grape seed oil is comparable to that of other oils, about 120 　kcal per 　tablespoon (34 　kJ/　ml). However, the fact that less oil is needed for cooking may be useful when observing a low-fat diet.

Cosmetics

In all products grape seed oil is a preferred cosmetic ingredient for damaged and stressed tissues, possessing regenerative and restructuring qualities which allow a better control of skin moisturization. It can help skin retain the normal structure of epithelium cells and nerve cells via supporting the cell membranes. It is noted to be especially effective for repair of the skin around the eyes. Used as an all-over skin moisturizer, grape seed oil is known to reduce the look of stretch marks. Expectant mothers who use this all throughout their pregnancy report little to no skin damage/stretch marks. A light, thin oil, grapeseed oil leaves a glossy film over the skin when used as a carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy. It contains more 　linoleic acid than many other carrier oils. Grapeseed oil is also usable as a lubricant for shaving your face.

Current medical information

Grape seed oil is reputed to contain plentiful antioxidants, as well as to lower cholesterol levels. In a large survey published in 1993 in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Dr. Nash showed in a sample group of 56 men and women using up to 1.5 ounces (43 g) per day, an amount that one can cook with, grape seed oil had the ability to raise 　HDL levels by 13% and reduce 　LDL levels by 7% in just three weeks. The total cholesterol/HDL ratio was reduced 15.6% and the total LDL/HDL ratio was reduced by 15.3%, which could be significant for those at risk of 　heart attack.

Vitamins in grape seed oil

　Vitamin E (0.8 to 1.2 g/kg), 　Vitamin C and 　Beta-Carotene.
There is unconfirmed information that grape seed oil also contains 　Vitamin D.

Average composition of Grape Seed Oil 　fatty acids
Common Name	Acid Name	Average Percentage Range
Omega-6	Linoleic acid	69	to	78%
Omega-9	Oleic acid	15	to	20%
Palmitic acid	Hexadecanoic acid	5	to	11%
Stearic acid	Octadecanoic acid	3	to	6%
Omega-3	A-Linolenic Acid	0.3	to	1%
Palmitoleic acid	9-Hexadecenoic acid	0.5	to	0.70%

Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in 　phenols
(tocopherols) and 　steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol).

Oligomeric proanthocyanidins

Some sources claim that grape seed oil is also high in procyanidolic oligomers (also known as 　oligomeric proanthocyanidins, OPCs or PCOs), which are also the main constituent of pycnogenol. However other sources dispute this. Because proanthocyanidins are 　polar molecules which are insoluble in 　nonpolar liquids such as oils, grape seed oil is unlikely to contain as much PCO as other grape products like fresh grapes, grape juice or red 　wine. Some published independent analyses show that grape seed oil typically contains almost no PCO at all [1]. It has been claimed that many distributors of pycnogenol and related products are involved in 　pyramid schemes [2].

Scientific references

1. D.T. Nash, S.D. Nash, State University of New York Health Science Center at Syracuse, W.D. Grant, Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center at Syracuse, Syracuse, New York: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 925-116 Grapeseed Oil, A natural Agent Which Raises Serum HDL levels, 1993.
2. Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, Bagchi D. The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2001;2(2):187-200.
3. Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal. 4th ed. New York: The Haworth Herbal Press; 1999:201-203.

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors